Penilaian Pola Konsentrasi, Alokasi Sumber, dan Risiko Paparan PFAS Pada Debu Luar Ruangan di Iquitos, Peru

Nandina Salsabila Putri Santana

Abstract


Despite the ubiquitous threat of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), assessments of their accumulation in urban environments remain notably scarce in developing Amazonian cities.To bridge this knowledge deficit, the occurrence, emission origins, and exposure hazards of settled outdoor dust were systematically evaluated across ambient public spaces in Iquitos, Peru.Fourteen particulate samples from exterior environments were quantified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), coupled with advanced receptor modeling.Spatial analysis revealed that exterior environments were heavily characterized by 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), which constituted over half (56.6%) of the ambient analyte mass.Multivariate apportionment leveraging Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) delineated the emission landscape.Exterior pollution was driven by three primary factors: industrial surfactant runoff, vehicle-related abrasion in high-traffic zones, and municipal solid waste degradation.Furthermore, toxicological modeling highlighted severe pediatric vulnerabilities, with Hazard Quotients for specific compounds, such as 6:2 FTCA, exponentially exceeding safe thresholds for children.Ultimately, this investigation provides foundational evidence of pervasive fluorinated contamination in the region, demonstrating that external high-traffic zones serve as critical repositories requiring targeted regulatory action

Keywords


Iquitos; outdoor dust; PFAS; risk assessment; source apportionment

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References


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.52364/zona.v10i2.250

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